In the Classical Music of India, both the Carnatic Music in the South and the Hindustani Music in the North, we have to know a bunch of fundamental rhythmic cycles.
We need to memorize and practice them, only then we get able to recognize them when being played in a Raag performance. Tintaal (Teen Tala), Ektaal, Rupaktaal (Rupak Tala), Jhaptaal and Mattataal (Matta Tala) are the most common rhythmic cycles in Hindustani Music. Here you can study them in their the most basic version: